Relationship dossier
Eswatini
Zambia
Relationship assessment
Eswatini and Zambia advanced bilateral cooperation through agreements signed during a 2022 presidential visit.
Eswatini toward Zambia
+25Eswatini hosted Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema in 2022 and signed memoranda of understanding with Zambia to advance bilateral cooperation.
Zambia toward Eswatini
+25Zambia’s government advanced bilateral cooperation through President Hakainde Hichilema’s 2022 visit to Eswatini and the signing of memoranda of understanding.
Overall relationship
+25The relationship includes practical government-to-government cooperation, notably memoranda of understanding signed during Hichilema’s 2022 visit to Eswatini. The available bilateral developments support a cooperative overall characterization, while the agreements’ implementation and the wider relationship’s scope remain unclear.
How to read these scores
Scores are rough judgments, not objective measurements or current verification. Directional scores describe government policy and conduct, not public opinion. The overall score is an independent estimate, never an average.
- −100
- Extreme sustained hostility
- −50
- Substantially adversarial
- 0
- Mixed or neutral, supported by knowledge
- +50
- Substantially cooperative
- +100
- Exceptionally close sustained partnership
“Not assessed” means there is no recorded score. Pair existence makes no claim about diplomatic recognition or established relations.
Relationship context
Overview
Eswatini and Zambia have pursued practical bilateral cooperation. During Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema’s 2022 visit to Eswatini, the governments signed memoranda of understanding to advance cooperation in several fields. The known evidence supports a cooperative relationship, though the scope and implementation of these arrangements are unclear.
Key developments
During Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema’s visit to Eswatini, the two governments signed memoranda of understanding to advance bilateral cooperation.
Major uncertainties
- The scope and implementation of the memoranda signed during the 2022 visit are unclear.
- The extent of ongoing cooperation beyond the 2022 agreements is uncertain.