Relationship dossier
Israel
Sudan
Relationship assessment
A historic shift toward normalization, with the extent of bilateral cooperation unclear.
Israel toward Sudan
+15Israel participated in the 2020 normalization process with Sudan, a shift from decades of hostility and non-recognition. The scope of subsequent bilateral cooperation is unclear.
Sudan toward Israel
+15Sudan agreed in 2020 to normalize relations with Israel and joined the Abraham Accords process, departing from its prior policy of hostility and non-recognition. The extent of implementation is unclear.
Overall relationship
-15The relationship shifted from decades of hostility and non-recognition toward normalization in 2020. That change was consequential, but the normalization process did not develop into a fully established bilateral relationship, leaving the durable character of ties uncertain.
How to read these scores
Scores are rough judgments, not objective measurements or current verification. Directional scores describe government policy and conduct, not public opinion. The overall score is an independent estimate, never an average.
- −100
- Extreme sustained hostility
- −50
- Substantially adversarial
- 0
- Mixed or neutral, supported by knowledge
- +50
- Substantially cooperative
- +100
- Exceptionally close sustained partnership
“Not assessed” means there is no recorded score. Pair existence makes no claim about diplomatic recognition or established relations.
Relationship context
Overview
Sudan and Israel had a long history of hostility and non-recognition. In 2020, Sudan agreed to normalize relations with Israel and joined the Abraham Accords process, marking a significant change in policy. The normalization process did not develop into a fully established bilateral relationship, and the extent of subsequent government cooperation is unclear.
Areas of tension
- Sudan's historical non-recognition of Israel and alignment with Arab opposition to Israeli policy.
Key developments
Sudan agreed to normalize relations with Israel as part of a US-brokered announcement.
Sudan signed the Abraham Accords Declaration, joining the normalization process with Israel.
Major uncertainties
- The scope and implementation of the normalization commitments are unclear.
- The extent of direct government cooperation after Sudan joined the normalization process is unclear.