Relationship dossier
Kazakhstan
Luxembourg
Relationship assessment
Kazakhstan–Luxembourg ties include a bilateral tax agreement, with the broader scope of cooperation unclear.
Kazakhstan toward Luxembourg
+15Kazakhstan has entered into a bilateral agreement with Luxembourg to avoid double taxation, establishing a framework for economic activity between the countries.
Luxembourg toward Kazakhstan
+15Luxembourg has entered into a bilateral agreement with Kazakhstan to avoid double taxation, establishing a framework for economic activity between the countries.
Overall relationship
+15The bilateral relationship has a practical treaty-based component through the double-taxation agreement. The breadth and intensity of other direct government cooperation are unclear.
How to read these scores
Scores are rough judgments, not objective measurements or current verification. Directional scores describe government policy and conduct, not public opinion. The overall score is an independent estimate, never an average.
- −100
- Extreme sustained hostility
- −50
- Substantially adversarial
- 0
- Mixed or neutral, supported by knowledge
- +50
- Substantially cooperative
- +100
- Exceptionally close sustained partnership
“Not assessed” means there is no recorded score. Pair existence makes no claim about diplomatic recognition or established relations.
Relationship context
Overview
Kazakhstan and Luxembourg have a bilateral agreement to avoid double taxation, providing a concrete framework for economic relations. The relationship appears principally practical and treaty-based; the scope of additional direct government cooperation is unclear.
Key developments
Kazakhstan and Luxembourg concluded a bilateral agreement to avoid double taxation.
Major uncertainties
- The extent of implementation of the double-taxation agreement is unclear.
- Details of other direct government cooperation between Kazakhstan and Luxembourg are limited.