Relationship dossier
Japan
Spain
Relationship assessment
Japan and Spain maintain a strategic partnership with cooperation in defense and other practical areas.
Japan toward Spain
+35Japan has developed a strategic partnership with Spain and concluded bilateral arrangements that include cooperation on the transfer of defense equipment and technology.
Spain toward Japan
+35Spain has developed a strategic partnership with Japan and concluded bilateral arrangements that include cooperation on the transfer of defense equipment and technology.
Overall relationship
+35The relationship is structured by a strategic partnership and concrete bilateral agreements, including defense-related cooperation. These arrangements support a cooperative assessment, while the known initiatives do not establish the depth of a close, comprehensive partnership.
How to read these scores
Scores are rough judgments, not objective measurements or current verification. Directional scores describe government policy and conduct, not public opinion. The overall score is an independent estimate, never an average.
- −100
- Extreme sustained hostility
- −50
- Substantially adversarial
- 0
- Mixed or neutral, supported by knowledge
- +50
- Substantially cooperative
- +100
- Exceptionally close sustained partnership
“Not assessed” means there is no recorded score. Pair existence makes no claim about diplomatic recognition or established relations.
Relationship context
Overview
Japan and Spain maintain a cooperative relationship supported by a strategic partnership framework and agreements covering practical areas such as defense equipment and technology transfers. These arrangements indicate substantive government cooperation, although the breadth and implementation of bilateral initiatives are not fully clear.
Key developments
Japan and Spain established a strategic partnership framework for cooperation.
The two governments concluded an agreement on the transfer of defense equipment and technology.
Major uncertainties
- The scope and implementation of the strategic partnership framework are unclear.
- Details of recent bilateral cooperation beyond established agreements are limited.